Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Phytochemical Constituents of Citrus hystrix DC. Leaves Attenuate Inflammation via NF-κB Signaling and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity in Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/biom11010105

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-inflammatory effects of CHAF and lupeol in LPS-stimulated human MDMs. MDMs were pre-treated with CHAF and lupeol for 1 h, followed by treatment with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 12 h. Level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β ( A ), IL-6 ( B ) and TNF-α ( C ). CHAF and lupeol were also affected by pro-inflammatory mRNA expression including NFKB1 ( D ), and NOS2 ( E ). Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 compared to LPS treatment. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages; Dex: Dexamethasone; CHAF: subfraction no. 4.6.

Article Snippet: TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits were purchased from Sino Biological (Wayne, PA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Phytochemical Constituents of Citrus hystrix DC. Leaves Attenuate Inflammation via NF-κB Signaling and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity in Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/biom11010105

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-inflammatory and anti-inflammasome mechanisms of CHAF. Binding of LPS to Toll-like receptor resulting in IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation. The active form of NF-κB translocates into the nucleus and induces the transcription of pro-inflammatory and inflammasome-associated genes as well as release of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. CHAF attenuates the inflammation process by suppressing IκB-α phosphorylation and NF-κB p65 subunit expression. This inhibition leads to down-regulating inflammatory-associated gene expressions and decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Article Snippet: TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits were purchased from Sino Biological (Wayne, PA, USA).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Expressing, Inhibition